Tubes / Valves for Guitar Amplifiers: List of Worldwide Brands and Manufacturers

This article presents a list of the worldwide brands and manufacturers of tubes / valves used in guitar amplifiers. Since the words tube and valve are synonyms for the same device, tube most used in the United States and valve in Great Britain, I will use tube in the article.
First of all, some clarifies are necessary in order to understand the actual situation of this niche world. There are many brands in the market and manufacturers in the world. As a consequence of many "buy and sell" operations made in the past years, today some factories produce tubes models labeled with different brands, and you can buy the same device with a different name or brand according to which part of the world you live. The simplest way to approach the market is identifying the various tubes models by brand, and this article is a list of tubes brands with details about the manufacturers that produce them.
Another clarify is necessary about Svetlana, a common female name in Russia that creates confusion because it was used in the past for competing devices that generated legal actions. Actually in the market there are two different series of tubes that are often confused when named as Svetlana only, but can be identifiable in this way:

• Svetlana "S" logo - Saratov, Russia
• SED / Svetlana "Winged C" logo - St. Petersburg, Russia

Later you will understand how to recognize them.
The last clarify is about the brands owned by New Sensor Corporation, an American company: they own the brands Sovtek and Electro-Harmonix plus the rights on Svetlana "S" logo one for the USA and Canada. Moreover, they produce and sell even Mullard New Production and Tung-Sol New Production tubes.
And now, the list:
JJ Electronic - Slovak Republic
They began production of vacuum tubes in 1994, and today they have an assortment of more than 20 models. Formerly known as Tesla, JJ Electronic tubes are made on some of the original European equipment that was used in the heyday. They produce also tube amplifiers and electrolytic and polypropylene capacitors.
On their website is possible to download some technical informations, like tubes data-sheets.
Sovtek - Russia
Sovtek originally was a Russian factory and brand, but nowadays it is an American owned brand of New Sensor Corporation.
Sovtek tubes are produced by Reflector Co. factory in Saratov, Russia, together with Tung-Sol New Production, Electro-Harmonix, Mullard New Production and Svetlana "S" logo ones.
These tubes are distributed among the others by TubeDepot that on its website states: these tubes are used by more manufacturers than any other tube made.
Some of the companies who trust Sovtek tubes are:
•Fender
• Marshall
• Peavey
• Crate
• Mesa Boogie
• Atma-Sphere
• Ampeg
• Soldano
• Hartke
• Bogner
• Audio Note
• Cary
• Balanced Audio Technology
• Behringer
• Dynaco
• Matchless
• Orange
• Aguilar
• Audio Research
• Rogue Audio
• Convergent
• Manley Labs
• Carvin
• Demeter
• VTL
• Wellborne
Svetlana "S" logo - Saratov, Russia
New Sensor Corporation has the exclusive right to use the name Svetlana for the USA and Canada markets only.
They use it for this assortment of tubes that can be identified uniquely by the "S" logo. Svetlana only is confusing, because it is used by SED / Svetlana "Winged C" logo tubes in the rest of the world.
These tubes are produced by Reflector Co. facility in Saratov, Russia, together with Mullard New Production, Tung-Sol New Production, Electro-Harmonix and Sovtek ones.
SED / Svetlana "Winged C" logo - St. Petersburg, Russia
These tubes are produced by Svetlana Tubes factory in St. Petersburg, Russia, one of the oldest tube factories in the world, and marketed with the brand SED in the United States and Canada and Svetlana in the rest of the world.
This assortment of tubes can be identified uniquely by the "Winged C" logo. Svetlana only is confusing, because in the United States and Canada it is used by Svetlana "S" logo tubes.
Electro Harmonix - Russia
Electro Harmonix is a brand owned by New Sensor Corporation.
These tubes are produced by Reflector Co. factory in Saratov, Russia, together with Mullard New Production, Tung-Sol New Production, Sovtek and Svetlana "S" logo ones.
TubeDepot on its website states that:
These tubes are considered by many to be some of the best new production tubes available.
Mullard New Production - Russia
These tubes are marketed by New Sensor Corporation.
They seems to be faithful reproductions of the original Mullard models, and are produced by Reflector Co. factory in Saratov, Russia, together with Sovtek, Tung-Sol New Production, Electro Harmonix and Svetlana "S" logo ones.
Tung-Sol New Production - Russia
These tubes are marketed by New Sensor Corporation.
They are produced by Reflector Co. factory in Saratov, Russia, together with Electro Harmonix, Mullard New Production, Sovtek and Svetlana "S" logo ones.

How to Build a Great Party Playlist Using Song BPM

What is BPM:
BPM stands for Beats Per Minute, it's basically a unit used to measure the tempo of music. When you want to build a great party playlist, you want to make sure that you use BPM to create "waves" of music that help excite and enchant your partiers. How do you do that:
Depending on your party style of course, you want to keep people going up and down in energy level.
First, establish your baseline BPM. Find some songs you think have a good energy level, not too high, and not too low, and use the BPM for these songs as the average BPM for your party playlist.
Now that you know your baseline, you need to determine your BPM range. Find some songs with much higher BPM and much lower BPM and see if they suit the people you're inviting to the party. E.g. if you are hosting a party for senior citizens, you won't want songs with very high BPM because they won't like them and might also die if they try to keep up...:)
You also need to consider the genre of the songs. In most cases, mixed genres work well, but if you are hosting a party for the Hip-Hop awards show, you should probably stick to the party genre and not stray too much into other areas.
Now that you have your baseline and range, your job is easy. You'll need to build your party playlist so that the list cycles through 6 -10 songs going from low BPM range, to baseline BPM, to high BPM range.
After you've built your first cycle, you need to cycle down, but when you do that, make it shorter (3-5 songs) and also don't go back down to the starting BPM you used, go back to a slightly higher BPM.
If you do that over and over during the party, your partiers will slowly be building up their energy levels and depending on how many songs you have, and how long the party is, you'll end up with a super energized crowd by the end of the night, not wanting to go home and wanting to keep going and building more and more energy and fun.
One thing you need to remember is to make sure you don't go too low in energy level so that people don't lose their buzz, or too high in energy level for too long so people don't burn out. This is more of a trial and error thing depending on who the people in the party are and how well you know their taste in music.

Choosing Music for Your Event

Selecting the right sort of live music for an event is just as crucial a decision as the venue, catering style and the time of day. Live music creates an ambience and memorable atmosphere if correctly chosen. We all want events to be a success, so here are my top tips for ensuring you choose the right music for your event.
• Type of event: If you are organising a reception with a 'networking' element to it, or a dinner where people wish to speak to each other, loud music isn't going to work. On the other hand, after dinner entertainment where guests want to dance will require a band playing louder music.
• Venue: The size of the venue is crucial. A harpist playing in a huge hall with high ceilings is likely to be lost. Likewise a large band playing in a small room is going to be overpowering, with the music sound being 'muddied'. Choose the size of your musical ensemble and instruments based on the size of your room. Also, if you have a space with two or more rooms, you will need to consider where to locate the musicians, so that they can be heard.
• Size of the event: A small event where there are 20 guests is unlikely to require as loud background music as at a larger event. However, it is down to personal taste as to whether a large band is required later on!
• Theme of the event: There are plenty of musical styles that theme an event just as much as dressing a venue or servicing specific food. A steel band playing as guests arrive or a Scottish Piper serenading guests creates an impact as people arrive. Flamenco musicians and dancers for after dinner entertainment or a jazz band playing will enhance an event creating a memorable ambience. When you are researching a themed event, include music as well as the food; it makes a huge difference to the event.
• Time of day: During the day, most events involve guests wishing to speak to each other and to meet new people. Loud music doesn't work in those situations. As the evening progresses, guests relax and they might consider dancing. They have spoken to their friends and associates and want to let their hair down. As a rule, as the evening progresses, the volume and energy of the music should increase.
• Acoustic of the venue: Some venues are 'louder' than others. Rooms with plenty of fabric and wood absorb sound better than venues with hard or metal surfaces - where the sound tends to echo more. The latter is a challenge generally because people's voices will also echo!
• Location: Is the event taking place inside or outside? If it is outside, you will need to consider where to place the musicians. Many musicians that play valuable instruments will need to be out of direct sunlight and rain. Electrical equipment also needs to be kept out of the rain. Acoustic instruments such as string quartets and harps will need to be located next to a wall, so that the sound will carry.
• Volume of music and restrictions: A number of venues have restrictions on the level of volume. It is worthwhile checking this when you choose the venue. Some venues allow recorded music but not live music; however I would argue that acoustic instruments such as guitar, harp or string quartet could be a lower decibel reading than a CD!
• Space available: If there is limited space, you will be restricted in the size of ensemble you choose. As a rule, instruments that take up most space are grand pianos. Other instruments can be relatively close to each other and they take up less space than you expect. My advice would be to calculate the area available and ask the musicians if they can perform within that area.
• Instruments available: If there is a Steinway Grand piano available at the venue, it seems a shame not to use it! Pianists could play classical/crossover music, or a jazz pianist would be thrilled to perform on it!
• Age groups: As a rule of thumb, as we get older, we appreciate loud music less. Also, different age groups have varied tastes. We always recommend discussing the music with the musicians and to agree a range of musical styles before the event to suit different tastes. A dance band would offer music "From the 60s to the noughties" to cover every taste.
Live Music at an event, and more crucially, choosing the right music, makes a huge difference to the success of an event. Ask the right questions of your music suppliers; ask yourself what role you wish the musicians to play at the event, and choose wisely! Good luck!!

Hansika More Hot

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
hansika Hot Pics, Hansika Hot Photos, Hansika In bikini, Hansika Secret MMS, Hansika mms scandal, hansika without bra, Hansika topless, hansika without dress, hansika boobs show, hansika hot tights, hansika nipples, hansika in wet
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

There is a fashion now a kind of "bra" look, as intentional showed bra. In the bra was shot as part of clothing. This can be done in some look to wear a bra with a jacket, it can happen if too dress to wear in the bra and dress "open" to reveal a bra under it. So drapy outfit bra bra, when shows and almost deliberately revealed it also a certain form, so that the bra clothing. And this kind of look can be elegant, but it is too clubbish. Dresses can be developed, which also kind of bra is part of the overall clothing. For this purpose, is creating some sort of view, one silhouette, in which the "bra opinion is clear.

Bra can be fully seen, but can not be good if the bra only hinted at a bar, for example. Or, perhaps, some of bra showing, and it intentionally, of course. The appearance of bra can inspire some expressive club looks like. As already mentioned, the dress may be, for example, if a bra sewn into / connected with the rest of the dress, then dress like a bra has been created. This type of design is already there, but it can be clearer, more subtle.

Then there is a jacket to wear bras, skirts, jeans, pants high. Maybe you can wear a different jacket Bolero, then some pants. The aim of the project is to create an expressive eye and, of course, is an expressive glance there is nothing new, and possibly of at least 60 years old when the bra is clearly part of fashion. (For example, the hippie look could use a bra) So bra became outerwear, and then look at the bra can be made dresses and other projects, says as follows.

In going from a bra "support" are clothes. He has always been part of linen and has a specific type of club, which includes underwear bra looks as outerwear is not entirely new. It's just that look "bra" to get some of the complexity and "bra" may affect other types of looks.
There must be a "full" type. In the bra in combination, for example, a jacket and pencil skirt. One can not be too dresses, bras, if there are to join the bra in a dress. The use of eye color and contrast to create sophisticated club feel expressive.

The aim is to create a silhouette, sleek silhouette. In countries with high sex bra / pants close to the appearance, when the upper type to wear a corset with jeans / skirt / trousers.

The club seems to be clear, it can be difficult, he clearly and sexual kind of bra "may be a natural part of this kind. Drapy sexy dresses club deliberately open to capture a bra or a bra will not be seen. The goal is to have a natural look . One can see that one is a "natural" wear bra with jackets / trousers. It is normal that the bra in conjunction with the network coverage or cover the top of the stomach to the throat. Thus, the "kings", as it should be created. The aim of the project is the creation of a hippie, the club is looking for because the "natural" for those who watch. Over night in clubs, festivals, things can go.

In the bra form shown in a corset, and many projects BYUSTIE dress. Form is nothing new, that is, cup shape, but the appearance of bra something else, this is clear, sharper appearance. It is normal to get myself in a fashion bra, to bring it lasted longer, but it is difficult and, thus, the bra should be calculated on top, and it certainly did, as you can see that lingerie seemed kind of club.

Hansika More Hot

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
hansika Hot Pics, Hansika Hot Photos, Hansika In bikini, Hansika Secret MMS, Hansika mms scandal, hansika without bra, Hansika topless, hansika without dress, hansika boobs show, hansika hot tights, hansika nipples, hansika in wet
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

There is a fashion now a kind of "bra" look, as intentional showed bra. In the bra was shot as part of clothing. This can be done in some look to wear a bra with a jacket, it can happen if too dress to wear in the bra and dress "open" to reveal a bra under it. So drapy outfit bra bra, when shows and almost deliberately revealed it also a certain form, so that the bra clothing. And this kind of look can be elegant, but it is too clubbish. Dresses can be developed, which also kind of bra is part of the overall clothing. For this purpose, is creating some sort of view, one silhouette, in which the "bra opinion is clear.

Bra can be fully seen, but can not be good if the bra only hinted at a bar, for example. Or, perhaps, some of bra showing, and it intentionally, of course. The appearance of bra can inspire some expressive club looks like. As already mentioned, the dress may be, for example, if a bra sewn into / connected with the rest of the dress, then dress like a bra has been created. This type of design is already there, but it can be clearer, more subtle.

Then there is a jacket to wear bras, skirts, jeans, pants high. Maybe you can wear a different jacket Bolero, then some pants. The aim of the project is to create an expressive eye and, of course, is an expressive glance there is nothing new, and possibly of at least 60 years old when the bra is clearly part of fashion. (For example, the hippie look could use a bra) So bra became outerwear, and then look at the bra can be made dresses and other projects, says as follows.

In going from a bra "support" are clothes. He has always been part of linen and has a specific type of club, which includes underwear bra looks as outerwear is not entirely new. It's just that look "bra" to get some of the complexity and "bra" may affect other types of looks.
There must be a "full" type. In the bra in combination, for example, a jacket and pencil skirt. One can not be too dresses, bras, if there are to join the bra in a dress. The use of eye color and contrast to create sophisticated club feel expressive.

The aim is to create a silhouette, sleek silhouette. In countries with high sex bra / pants close to the appearance, when the upper type to wear a corset with jeans / skirt / trousers.

The club seems to be clear, it can be difficult, he clearly and sexual kind of bra "may be a natural part of this kind. Drapy sexy dresses club deliberately open to capture a bra or a bra will not be seen. The goal is to have a natural look . One can see that one is a "natural" wear bra with jackets / trousers. It is normal that the bra in conjunction with the network coverage or cover the top of the stomach to the throat. Thus, the "kings", as it should be created. The aim of the project is the creation of a hippie, the club is looking for because the "natural" for those who watch. Over night in clubs, festivals, things can go.

In the bra form shown in a corset, and many projects BYUSTIE dress. Form is nothing new, that is, cup shape, but the appearance of bra something else, this is clear, sharper appearance. It is normal to get myself in a fashion bra, to bring it lasted longer, but it is difficult and, thus, the bra should be calculated on top, and it certainly did, as you can see that lingerie seemed kind of club.